Commercial, Consumption and Office Spaces

Knowledge workers tend to choose third places as alternatives for remote work. Since previous studies lack high- precision spatial-temporal data collection approaches and analysis for third-place remote workers, this study aims to investigate the spatial-temporal characteristics of knowledge workers engaging in remote work at third places using refined data collection methods. We recruited 20 knowledge workers in Beijing, China, collected their spatial-temporal data using activity diaries and wearable devices, including Global Positioning System (GPS) trackers and wearable cameras, for seven days, and visualized their spatial-temporal characteristics, encompassing work time allocation, commute duration, and spatial distribution of various workplaces. The results show that: (1) Temporally, in addition to heterogeneity in work rhythms such as fragmented versus continuous sessions and weekday-weekend contrasts, these workers work an average of 6.3 hours daily for 6.6 days a week, with 46.7% of their work time spent in third places and a 34-minute commute. (2) Spatially, most third places are located close to home with some suburban–center movements, and workers typically use 4.5 different third places for remote work and prefer third places within 5 kilometers or beyond 15 kilometers from home.

This study investigates the evolving spatial patterns of urban commercial establishments in the digital era through a three-dimensional analytical framework. Using integrated data from Gaode Map and Dianping , we analyze traditional street-level businesses — retail, food and beverage (F & B), and daily service — across Beijing's Fifth Ring Road from 2012 to 2024. The results show ground-floor street-facing (street-level) establishments declined overall but proved more resilient during the pandemic with a partial rebound, while their non-street- facing counterparts grew steadily, and non-ground-floor businesses maintained overall growth despite a tem - porary drop during COVID, followed by partial recovery. Spatially, street-level business proportion decreased with distance from the urban core, whereas non-ground-floor establishments clustered within the 2nd – 4th ring roads. Retail and F & B establishments strongly favored street-level locations, particularly after the pandemic, whereas daily service businesses showed relatively greater preference for non-street-level spaces. Notably, platform comparisons reveal distinct recording patterns: while Gaode captured more street-level establishments, Dianping registered higher proportions of horizontally/vertically expanded businesses. Vertically expanded es - tablishments demonstrated higher online ratings and review volumes, suggesting digital platforms may help mitigate visibility limitations in physical space. National and local policies that may have facilitated commercial expansion are also discussed. These insights offer valuable implications for the operation of commercial estab - lishments and urban policymaking in the digital era.

Nature Cities nature cities https://doi.org/10.1038/s44284-025-00254-6 Article The form of China’s urban commercial expansion in the digital era Enjia Zhang 1,2, Jingxuan Hou1,3 & Ying Long 1,4,5 The digital era has reshaped urban commercial spaces, driving the emergence of less-visible shops in non-ground-floor and non-street-facing areas. T o deepen the investigation of this transformation, this study analyzes the spatial evolution of commercial establishments across 287 Chinese cities from 2015 to 2023, using data from Dazhong-Dianping—a leading public review and rating platform for commercial premises. The results reveal a widespread trend of establishments expanding horizontally within street blocks and vertically across building floors (excluding shopping centers). In particular, the proportion of non-street-facing and non-ground-floor shops increased steadily, with accelerated growth post-COVID despite an overall decline in shop numbers. This shift was particularly prominent in experiential consumption sectors, such as entertainment, exercise and beauty services, which exhibited robust expansion. Higher socioeconomic tier cities experienced these changes earlier and more intensely. These findings provide critical insights for mixed-use development, adaptive urban governance and retail innovation in the digital era.

The role of information and communication technology (ICT) in substituting or complementing offline mobility has been widely studied. However, how online attractiveness influences the impact of transportation accessibility at different scales on non-work mobility remains unclear. This study explores the mediating and moderating effects of online attractiveness on multi-scale transportation accessibility using social media data and mobile phone signaling data in Beijing. The results reveal that online attractiveness mediates the relationship between multi-scale transportation accessibility and non-work mobility, with a stronger effect observed on weekends compared to weekdays. The highest mediation effect was found for proximity to subway stations. Furthermore, the study uncovers a dual moderation effect of online attractiveness, enhancing the advantages of highly accessible locations such as areas near subway stations and street-facing storefronts while complementing less accessible areas, including non-central locations and non-ground floor commercial spaces. Two robustness checks confirm the reliability of these findings. This study enriches the understanding of the dynamic interaction between transportation accessibility and online attractiveness in the digital era. The insights also provide valuable guidance for location selection and operational strategies for businesses and urban planners.

] [关键词] [Abstract] [Keywords] 技术发展及个体变革对办公远程化产生了深刻影响。既有研究多关注远程办公的表征、机制与影响等方面，缺乏对于针对远程办公趋势的设计响应现状的研究梳理。本文通过文献梳理总结设计响应的不同类型，并系统整理回应远程办公趋势的设计案例或导则，归纳设计响应的现状特征。结果表明，在文献层面设计响应主要体现在城市、社区及建筑三个尺度，包含城市定位、城市功能分区、社区营造、社区土地利用、社区发展、建筑功能布局、建筑空间使用等类型，在案例层面设计实践呈现出社区功能混合化及多样化发展、建筑办公与多种功能混合、远程办公功能独立、联合办公空间模式创新、模块化设计家具等新特征，在导则层面已有指南主要从提供远程办公场所、新建远程办公基础设施、建立远程办公社区等角度响应远程办公的趋势。本文客观描述了针对远程办公趋势的设计响应现状，并为后续相关设计及研究提供参考与启发。 远程办公；设计响应；案例研究 Technological developments and individual changes have had a profound impact on remote work. Most of the existing studies focus on the characterization, mechanism and impact of remote work, but there is a lack of research on the current status of design responses to the trend of remote work. This paper summarizes the different types of design responses through literature review, systematically sorts out design cases or guidelines that respond to the trend of remote work, and summarizes the current characteristics of design responses. The results show that the design response at the literature level is mainly reflected in the three scales of city, community and building, including urban positioning, urban functional zoning, community construction, community land use, community development, building function layout, architectural space use, etc., and the design practice at the case level presents new characteristics such as mixed and diversified development of community functions, mixed building office and multiple functions, independent remote office functions, innovative co-working space model, modular design furniture, etc., At the guideline level, there are guidelines to respond to the trend of remote work, mainly from the perspective of providing remote work places, building new remote work infrastructure, and building remote work communities. This study objectively describes the current status of design response to the trend of remote work, and provides reference and inspiration for subsequent design and research. remote work; design response; case studies 针对远程办公趋势的设计响应现状研究 Research on the Design Interventions to Remote Working [文章编号] 2025-98-P-062

With the development of emerging technologies such as information communication and artificial intelligence, the traditional working pattern is undergoing a global paradigm shift, which not only reconstructs the spatiotemporal characteristics of traditional working activities but also profoundly changes the organisational structure of working spaces in cities. However, current relevant research is largely limited to traditional methods such as surveys and field investigations, lacking the integrated application of multi-modal data, with insufficient innovative exploration in third-place working spaces. In light of this, based on an in-depth analysis of the transformation of traditional working patterns and the reshaping of working spaces in cities, this paper integrates multi-modal data such as self-collected data from wearable device, mobile signalling data, and survey data to systematically deconstruct the spatial preferences and spatiotemporal behavioural characteristics of third-place remote workers, the distribution patterns of third-place working spaces, and the carbon emission reduction benefits of this transformation. A systematic case study of working space renovations is further conducted in response to the evolving trend, aiming to provide references and practical evidence for working space renewal in the digital age. 关键词：多态数据，第三场所，远程办公，智能测度，空间干预

Storefront vacancy has been a widespread and worldwide phenomenon, raising concerns about the changing characteristic of the retail landscape, loss of community vitality, and hollowing out of cities. Although the causes leading to this phenomenon have been extensively debated, little granular data are available to evaluate the issue in a timely manner. Therefore, this study aims to develop a data-driven approach to capture the commercial structure of vacant storefronts on a store-by-store basis as well as to analyze their evolution patterns. First, street- level images were collected using mobile sensing in a low-cost, large-scale and efficient manner; then, a store - front vacancy estimation model was developed using computer vision techniques to infer the storefront location, operation status, business category, and vacancy rates. Three volunteers spent five days collecting street-level images from an urban area of 964 km 2 in the case city of Xining, China. As a result, 93,069 stores were iden - tified in the city in March 2022, of which 25,488 were vacant. Moreover, the storefront vacancy rate increased significantly after the epidemic, from 21.8% in 2018 to 30.0% in 2022. Stores in shopping, catering, and life services had the maximum vacancies. The factors that had the greatest impact on storefront vacancy were, in order of importance, far from commercial zonings, low population density, and far from the urban center. However, these factors influenced the vacancy in diverse and complex ways, and in the future, urban planning strategies to address vacancy issues should be well considered and differentiated.

Third places offer a creative alternative for both work from traditional office and home, which are becoming increasingly popular. Previous studies primarily focused on qualitative analyses and survey investigations, lacking quantitative studies exploring remote work in third places. In this study, we proposed a quantitative approach to identify and characterize the fine-scale third places for remote work, with the application in Beijing, China. Initially, we identified knowledge workers who were capable of remote work through mobile office app usage. Subsequently, we delineated the finer-scale distribution of third-place visits of remote workers using mobile phone signaling data and geospatial information. Finally, we utilized the eXtreme Gradient Boosting model and SHapley Additive exPlanations value to explore the association between third-place visits for remote work and the surrounding built environment. The results revealed that (1) approximately 61.43 % of total employees had the potential to work remotely, with 11.27 % opting for remote work in third places and 4.35 % choosing specific commercial third places; and (2) the popularity of these third places was characterized by high- density mixed-use surroundings, proximity to residential communities, and easy accessibility to subway stations. The findings can reinforce the establishment of urban design guidelines for third places, thereby contributing to the development of hybrid work models and sustainable cities.

Design parameters at different scales in the pr e-design phase could significantly impact both building energy consumption and photovoltaic (PV) power generation potential. However, existing studies often overlook the synergistic effe cts of design parameters across multiple scales (block-building-facade scales) when evaluating these aspects. This paper aims to propose a workflow for the assessing building energy cons umption and PV power generation potential of office blocks applicable in the pre-schematic design phase considering the synergistic influence of multi-scale design parameters, using building ty pology and parametric modelling approach. The study proposed a multi-scale design parameter cl assification system combined with parametric modelling. The study investigated 80 office blocks in Wuhan as the study case, which were classified into array type and enclosed type. Correlation analysis and multiple regression equations were used to quantify the single versus synergistic effects of different scale design parameters. Results suggest that focusing solely on a single scale during the pre-design stage is typically inadequate for understanding building energy potential. In contrast, multi-scale syne rgistic analysis boosts energy use intensity (EUI) by 7.56% and net energy use intensity (NEUI) by 33.96%. Under multi-scale synergistic conditions, the EUI of array type is more in fluenced by the building design parameters, while the NEUI is effected by the balance of multi-scales design parameters. While the EUI of enclosed types exhibit balanced effects across multi-scale design parameters, with NEUI results aligning closely with PV power generation potential. Multiple regression equations highlight building density and shape factor as key influe ncers for both array and enclosure layouts. This study offers designers a flexible and scalable workflow for evaluating building energy consumption and PV power generation potential in the pre-de sign phase. The findings can guide nearly-zero energy urban block planning to achieve a balance between energy supply and demand.

北京规划建设 27 未来城市空间的规划响应 | THEME 话题随着社会经济的发展，城市尤其是大城市越来越扮演着“消费中心城市”的角色。城市消费空间随着居民可支配收入和休闲消费意愿的增长而逐渐繁荣，是提升城市活力、促进国内经济内循环的关键要素。与此同时，信息通信技术（Information and Communication Technology，ICT）快速发展和应用，移动互联网深刻改变了人们消费的模式和行为，重塑了城市消费空间的布局，对城市空间的规划、设计及管理提出了新的挑战。 北京作为全国首批国际消费中心城市[1]，具有良好的消费吸引力和市场基础。与此同时，北京作为全国互联网渗透度最高、发展应用最好的城市之一[2]，其居民消费模式的转变和消费空间的重塑都具有先驱性。因此，针对北京城市消费空间布局重塑及其特征的研究可以使相关部门人员认识城市消费空间在新时代的变化趋势、特征、形成机制和影响，为新时代消费空间布局的规划、设计及管理提供参考。 研究进展与局限已有研究表明社会经济的繁荣和ICT的广泛应用会深刻影响城市消费空间的发展1。前者影响消费空间的需求规模，后者影响消费空间的布局和形态。过去30多年间（1990年-2022年），我国人均GDP由1663元增长到85698元，城镇化率由26.41%增长到65.22%，我国居民对休闲性、体验性消费的认可度和需求迅速增长 2，为消费空间提供了广大消费市场并提出了更多更高的要求。与此同时，我国互联网渗透率从2002年的 4.6%增长为2022年的75.6%，人们居住、工作、交通、游憩和获得服务的方式发生深刻转变，线上线下 （Online to Offline, O2O）融合的服务与消费模式也重塑着消费空间的布局3。相关学者提出ICT替代了城市实体空间的信息功能 4，建筑的前店面被互联网信息替代，因此提供服务的后房间则可以更加自由地布局在城市中 5，从而使城市夹缝深处的魅力空间得以被发掘， 使服务及消费空间呈现碎片化的特征6。在中国以街块围合式的城市形态的背景下，这种消费空间的碎片化体现为传统“金角银边草肚皮”的作用下降，而“酒香不怕巷子深”的现象在ICT影响下增强。 水平及垂直渗透: 城市消费空间的重塑及功能混合应对张恩嘉龙瀛年份作者研究区域数据主要发现空间维度测度方法 2023 石钰 &王兴平东南大学四牌楼校区办公楼出租网、企查查网揭示了楼宇经济中的优势行业为生产性服务业；老校区圈内的行业种群体现多样性特征； 企业规模、种群级楼宇属性均产生影响垂直企业楼层文本识别 2023 梁怡欣等长沙市高德POI； 社交媒体及大众点评揭示了隐形消费空间分布集聚在主副核心区， 影响因素重要性排序为：商业规模＞市场需求 ＞城市交通＞租金成本垂直 POI地址楼层文本识别 2021 孙世界 & 王锦忆南京市中心区高德POI； 大众点评揭示了隐形与可见消费空间的差异，发现商住楼是隐形消费空间的主要载体，空间成本和楼宇管理主要影响其布局垂直 POI地址楼层文本识别2022 王锦忆 2020 Zhang et al 北京市微博签到； 街景； 社交媒体照片识别了一些不起眼但很受欢迎的餐厅。

 An approach is proposed to assess the car- bon reduction bene fits of teleworking by industry.  Carbon emission reductions are computed using large-scale travel survey data.  Uncertain associated parameters are con- sidered through Monte Carlo simulation.  7.05 % of annual carbon emissions by transport in Beijing are declined by teleworking.  The suggested method can potentially be used in other regions. ABSTRACTARTICLE INFO Editor: Kuishuang Feng

城市休闲消费空间的微观分布演变及其机制研究 (申请清华大学工学博士学位论文) 培养单位 ： 建筑学院学科 ： 城乡规划学研究生 ： 张恩嘉指导教师 ： 龙瀛副教授二○二三年十二月城市休闲消费空间的微观分布演变及其机制研究张恩嘉 Research on the Evolution and its Mechanism in Micro-scale Distribution of Urban Leisure Consumption Space Dissertation submitted to Tsinghua University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Urban and Rural Planning by Zhang Enjia Dissertation Supervisor: Associate Professor Long Ying December, 2023 学位论文公开评阅人和答辩委员会名单公开评阅人名单于涛方副教授清华大学建筑学院答辩委员会名单主席武廷海教授清华大学建筑学院委员曹广忠教授北京大学城市与环境学院盛强教授北京交通大学建筑与艺术学院党安荣教授清华大学建筑学院唐燕副教授清华大学建筑学院于涛方副教授清华大学建筑学院龙瀛副教授清华大学建筑学院秘书涂唐奇助理研究员清华大学建筑学院关于学位论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解清华大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即： 清华大学拥有在著作权法规定范围内学位论文的使用权，其中包括： （1）已获学位的研究生必须按学校规定提交学位论文，学校可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存研究生上交的学位论文； （2）为教学和科研目的，学校可以将公开的学位论文作为资料在图书馆、资料室等场所供校内师生阅读，或在校园网上供校内师生浏览部分内容； （3）根据《中华人民共和国学位条例暂行实施办法》及上级教育主管部门具体要求，向国家图书馆报送相应的学位论文。 本人保证遵守上述规定。 作者签名： 导师签名： 日期： 日期：

With the growing penetration of information and communication technologies, social media platforms have become one of the most frequently used virtual spaces in daily life, producing spatiality with new logic and structure. However, few studies have examined the difference of visiting preferences in virtual space due to the lack of proper benchmarks constructed from physical space. The quantity of geo-tagged views, likes, comments, shares embedded in TikTok filming locations was used to measuring virtual and physical visiting activities (VVAs, PVAs), providing a perfect opportunity to clarify the virtual visiting differences. Built environment components are regarded as the objects of reference and their relationships with VVAs and PVAs were examined separately, and virtual visiting preferences were revealed as the following three main points: 1. VVAs are less associated with the built environment, due to people's indirect perception of physical elements. 2. Components that people are more familiar with in physical space and could shape impressive public city images, such as landmarks and urban nodes, are dramatically enhanced in virtual space. 3. Components that could be easily perceived in physical space but hard to present through visual medium, such as functional diversity, are far less critical in virtual space.

The essential role of urban streetscape skeletons in fostering vibrant streets has been repeatedly emphasized. However, most research focused on the macro-scale or mesoscale urban form or measuring streetscape skeletons using quantitative methods, failing to systematically examine the relationship between the street-level urban form with urban activities. This study took street segments as the analytic unit to analyze the relationship between streetscape skeletons and urban activities represented by the density of online reviews on the Dazhong Dianping by controlling other built environments. Using models like Multiple Linear Regression, Spatial Lag Model, and Random Forest Regression, the result suggested that when conducting activities, people preferred the strengths of the street but ignored its weaknesses. The findings demonstrated some skeleton indicators associated with urban activities, such as the width and enclosure of the street and the higher and more continuous buildings on the side of the streets. Moreover, the result also suggested that some streetscape skeletons, such as cross-section and length, have differentiated performances for online reviews at different distances to the street centerlines. These findings could help urban designers to rethink the interaction between urban activities and street-level urban form.

后工业社会可看作是知识社会，知识的产出和消费是这个社会的中心问题[1]。城市规划是协调城市空间布局的一门学科。规划学者对城市空间的研究众多， 然而对于城市规划研究本身而言，其知识产出、消费的空间规律却鲜有研究。在现实中，大部分城市规划研究以实际项目为依托，有指定的研究区域。一般而言，被研究的地区被视为城市规划知识的消费地区； 与研究项目相关的高校科研工作者、 规划设计院 / 所、 规划管理部门和咨询公司的研究人员则被视为知识的产出者。论文是城市规划研究的重要形式，且论文的作者单位和通讯地址提供了研究者的空间分布信息， 标题和摘要蕴含着被研究的城市，这为开展规划领域的知识产出、消费与网络分析提供了可能。 早在 20 世纪初，已有学者对文献展开了定量统计分析 [2]。1969 年，情报学家 Pritchard 首次提出了 Bibliometrics，标志着文献计量学作为独立学科的开 [作者简介] 龙瀛，博士，清华大学建筑学院副教授、博士生导师，并任职于清华大学恒隆房地产研究中心。 周垠，硕士，规划师，现任职于成都市规划设计研究院。 120 始 [3]。随后，文献计量分析在各领域得到了广泛的应用 [4-5]。随着信息技术的发展，文献计量分析逐步从单一期刊统计转变为更大样本的多期刊分析[6-9]。 在城市规划领域，国内已有学者着手于文献计量分析，如有学者分别对不同阶段的《城市规划学刊》展开了计量分析，分析内容较为相似，包括作者地区分布、单位性质、论文内容、平均作者数和参考文献数等[10-12]。此外，丁睿分析了《规划师》1995 ～ 2004 年学术论文及作者的时间分布、系统分布、空间分布和内容分布， 但以省为统计单元， 影响了区域规律的清晰表达[13]；阮如舫根据《城市规划汇刊》的出版内容分析了中国大陆城市规划的发展趋势[14]；李志刚等人对西方城市规划理论及相关代表期刊展开了统计分析与评述[15]；袁媛等人从期刊容量、载文数量、文献作者所属机构和地区、期刊国际视野、 出版时滞、研究领域和研究热点等方面对英国期刊《城镇规划评论》(TPR: Town Planning Review)2002 ～ 2011 年发表的论文进行了统计分析[16]，同时利用科学文献分析与可视化的专业软件 Citespace，将 Web of Science 数据库中 1999 ～ 2014 年关于社区规划的 1 681 篇论文进行了可视化分析，研究了国外社区规划近 15 年的研究进展[17]。 国内城市规划领域的文献计量研究或对单一期刊在某一时间段进行全样分析，或选取几个期刊的部分文章或某一主题做样本分析，鉴于人力和时间的限制，统计数量较少，未能充分利用互联网丰富的信息资源；多以省区为统计单元，不足以清晰地刻画出城市规划研究的区域规律；与其他领域的计量分析较为相似，侧重于期刊容量、论文内容、平均作者数、作者所在地、作者单位性质、引用次数和影响因子的统计分析。而在国外城市规划领域的文献计量研究方面，值得一提的研究是， Matthiessen 等人利用文献计量分析的方法，对全球知识网络展开了一系列的研究：首先分析了欧洲的研究中心[18]， 探索了世界研究中心的变化规律[19]；其次通过合作关系和论文的引用关系，分析了全球知识网络格局[20-21]。对比国内外研究可知，国内学者对于能刻画城市规划知识产出、消费的研究者与被研究城市的空间规律的探究，还有待深入。