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Green Space, Wilderness, Ecological Space and Green Infrastructure
RESEARCH AREA 024

Green Space, Wilderness, Ecological Space and Green Infrastructure

Research on green space, wilderness, ecological space and green infrastructure across 2010-2023.

Research Scope

This research direction brings together 10 outputs published between 2010-2023 on green space, wilderness, ecological space and green infrastructure. The collection develops research across green space, wilderness, ecological space, connecting conceptual inquiry, data and analytical methods, empirical evidence, and applications in urban planning and spatial governance.

  • Green Space
  • Wilderness
  • Ecological Space
  1. 01Conceptual framing
  2. 02Data and method development
  3. 03Multi-scale empirical analysis
  4. 04Planning and policy application
Research Outputs

Publications in Detail

012023
Research Output

资源型城市

吴康等

Source document (2023)

Abstract

资源型城市的高质量发展具有重大的战略意义 。 为清晰认识中国资源型城市转型存在的问题以及高质量发展的路径 , 邀请来自不同领域的十位专家就当前资源型城市高质量发展的主要困境与突破路径等研究前沿进行访谈 , 访谈结果表明 : 中国资源型城市转型取得了巨大成绩 , 但距离高质量发展的要求仍有较大距离 , 突出表现在经济发展仍未能摆脱资源依赖的发展路径 、 推动高质量发展的新要素集聚偏弱和碳减排目标下资源型城市的内 、 外部均面临着巨大的压力 ; 新时期需要重新认识资源型城市的作用和地位 , 提升资源型城市保障国家资源能源安全的能力 ; 在深刻把握传统资源禀赋概念内涵基础上实现对新资源体系的再认知 , 注意挖掘新资源 , 充实资源型城市研究的新知识体系 ; 要针对不同类型的资源型城市的发展条件 , 分类施策 , 因地制宜推动资源型城市的创新发展 ; 要继续提高经济增长的就业弹性 , 增强经济发展拉动就业的能力 , 并充分重视就业机会的创造和培育 ; 要加快探索绿色 、 高效的转型发展道路 , 同步实现 “ 存量 ” 的绿色化和 “ 增量 ” 的绿色性 ; 要综合考虑资源型城市开发基础和要素资源条件 , 从传统的 “ 增长和扩张型 ” 转变为 “ 高效增长与精明收缩结合型 ” 发展模式 ; 要整合新数据与新技术方法科学 / 智能地支撑资源 ( 枯竭 ) 型城市的空间治理 ; 要树立民生优先的指导思想 , 通过城市更新弥补过去资源型城市建设过程中的历史欠账 , 全面提升资源型城市的宜居水平 、 经济活力 , 重塑城市社会空间网络 ; 要充分借鉴 “ 强链 、 补链 、 延链 ” 等 “ 链长制 ” 方案与模式为资源型城市产业转型提供借鉴 。 以上观点为中国资源型城市的高质量发展提供科学可行的理论和决策支持 。

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022021
Research Output

Global projections of future wilderness decline under multiple IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios

Fangzheng Li, Wenyue Li, Fengyi Li, Ying Long, Shiyi Guo, Xiong Li, Chensong Lin, Jing Li

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 177, 105983

Abstract

Globally, wilderness areas are being lost at a rate that outpaces their protection, which has adverse effects on the global environment. Rapid action is needed to understand the trends and consequences of global wilderness change. We present projections of global wilderness decline in 2100 under the influence of land-use change within the framework of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (IPCC SRES). The projections revealed that the decline of wilderness was deeply affected by different global socioeconomic development pathways. The total wilderness loss (4.74%) in scenario A2 (with slow technological innovation and traditional demand for biofuels) was much higher than in the other scenarios. Around 76.51% of the loss of global wilderness globally occurs occurred in South America, which will occur in Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests. The smallest loss (0.08%) occurred in scenario B1 (with a high level of environmental consciousness). We found that wilderness losses in 2100 will be concentrated in some important biomes, which have relatively high-density carbon storage. These findings stress the importance of targeted wilderness protection to ensure the long-term integrity of ecosystems and the balance of the carbon cycle.

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032021
Research Output

Assessing personal exposure to urban greenery using wearable cameras and machine learning

Zhaoxi Zhang, Ying Long, Long Chen, Chun Chen

Cities, 109, 103006

Abstract

Urban greenery is closely related to people ’ s behaviour. With the advancement of science and technology in Artificial Intelligence, wearable sensors and cloud computing, the potential for studying the relationship between people and urban greenery through new data and technology is constantly being explored, such as assessing population exposure to urban greenery using multi-source big data. Taking one individual participant as a case study, this paper proposes and validates the effectiveness of using wearable camera (Narrative Clip 2) and machine learning (Applications Programming Interface of Microsoft Cognitive Service) to assess personal exposure to urban greenery. Microsoft API is used to identify urban greenery tags, including “ flower ” , “ forest ” , “garden ” , “ grass ” , “ green ” , “ plant ” , “ scene ” and “ tree ” , in personal images taken by the wearable camera. Per - sonal exposure to urban greenery is assessed by calculating the frequency of the urban greenery tags in all the images taken. Furthermore, the overall evaluation and regularity of personal exposure to urban greenery (including “ static exposure ” and “ dynamic exposure ” ) are explored to identify the characteristics of individual ’ s greenery lifelogging. This study makes a brave attempt that may contribute a new perspective in applying personal big data in studying individual behaviour.

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042020
Research Output

Deciphering the recreational use of urban parks: Experiments using multi-source big data for all Chinese cities

Fangzheng Li, Fengyi Li, Shuangjin Li, Ying Long

Science of The Total Environment, 701, 134896

Document Overview

Deciphering the recreational use of urban parks: Experiments using multi-source big data for all Chinese cities Fangzheng Li a,⇑, Fengyi Li b, Shuangjin Li c, Ying Long d,⇑ a School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China b School of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China c Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima, 739-8529, Japan d School of Architecture and Hang Lung Center for Real Estate, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China highlights /C15 We assessed the recreational use of 13,759 parks across China through check-in data. /C15 In all cities, the densities of POIs and bus stops was significantly positive. /C15 The factors with the greatest impact varied according to the administrative tiers. graphical abstract article info Article history: Received 3 April 2019 Received in revised form 7 October 2019 Accepted 7 October 2019 Available online 23 October 2019 Editor: Paulo Pereira Keywords: Weibo check-ins Park attributes Regression models Park usage China abstract China’s rapid urbanization process has accentuated the disparity between the demand for and supply of its park recreational services. Estimations of park use and an understanding of the factors that influence it are critical for increasing these services.

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052020
Research Output

Mapping Potential Wilderness in China with Location-based Services Data

Shuang Ma, Ying Long

Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 13(1), 69-89

Abstract

Wilderness mapping can provide valuable information for natural resource manage- ment. In this article, a novel, straightforward approach has been developed to identify wilderness areas in China using emerging new data. Tencent LBS (location based service) data that reflect human activities are used as a basis for mapping wilderness characteristics for the whole of China while admitting non-human-activity zones as Bobserved^ wilderness, rather thanBestimated/inferred^ wilderness using spatial factors based on conventional wilderness mapping approaches using GIS. The mapping results using new data are compared and integrated with the results from the MCE approach. The wilderness map, delineating the range of wilderness across the whole of China, could be used in landscape planning to protect the remaining natural resources and evaluate existing spatial ecological protection schemes. With increasingly available new data, the proposed approach can be applied for mapping wilderness at other spatial scales and in other geographical areas.

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062018
Research Output

全国绿地

李双金等

Source document (2018)

Abstract

The scientific evaluation of urban green space provides data support for green space planning, and plays an important role in building sustainable and healthy city. This paper develops an indicator system for evaluating the urban green space under the new data environment, from the perspectives of shape, quality, vitality and services. Based on the theory of “Big Model”, it carries out multi-scale assessments of the green space in downtown areas of 287 Chinese cities, and takes Zunyi as a case study for evaluating the quality and vitality of urban green space. T o make the research more objective, unified and comparable, it solves key issues including the extraction of spatial data of urban green space, and the definition of downtowns. The results show that at the scale of green patch, the overall compactness of urban green space is high, and most green spaces are located near the city center. At the urban scale, the average service level of urban green space of 287 Chinese cities is 57.45%, while the sub-provincial cities have higher average service level, and the prefecture- level cities have the lowest service level. This paper analyzes the shortages and problems of the regional urban green space to provide reference for the construction of urban green space in the future.

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072017
Research Output

Wilderness

Cao et al.

Source document (2017)

Document Overview

104 International Journal of Wilderness | August 2018 | Volume 24, Number 2 August 2018 | Volume 24, Number 2 | International Journal of Wilderness 105 EDITOR’S NOTE: The original article was published in June 2017 in Chinese Landscape Architecture (《《《《《《《 中国园林《《《《) (Cao, Y., Long, Y., Yang, R., 2017. Research on the identification and spatial distribution of wilderness areas at the national scale in Mainland China [J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 6: 26–33.). Invited by IJW, authorized by the authors, and permitted by CLA, this article appears as a translated summary of the original version. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES A Preliminary Study on Mapping Wilderness in Mainland China Wilderness areas are, in the main, places that are ecologi - cally intact, mostly free of industrial infrastructure, and without significant human interference. With a growing appreciation of the intrinsic value of wilderness, more atten - tion is being paid to wilderness protection and management especially as threats increase and remaining wilderness areas shrink in size (Casson et al. 2016). Practical experience in many countries has shown that maps depicting the spatial distribution of wilderness provide baseline information for the development and implementa - tion of wilderness protection policies. Accurate and reliable wilderness inventories are an essential basis for robust designation of wilderness protected areas and the develop - ment of associated management policies.

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082017
Research Output

中国荒野

曹越等

Source document (2017)

Abstract

荒野地具有重要的价值和保护意义,但目前中国尚未开展荒野地调查统计工作。首次从空间角度识别中国现存荒野地,绘制出第一个中国大陆国土尺度荒野地图(分辨率为1km 2 )。以荒野连续谱作为概念基础,采用经典荒野制图方法,首先分别对距聚居点遥远度、距道路遥远度、生物物理自然度及外观自然度4项指标进行评估,在此基础上应用多指标评价法(MCE)进行等权重叠加,得到中国荒野度指数(WQI)地图。根据中国荒野地图识别结果,定义的中国高质量荒野地、较高质量荒野地、中质量荒野地、低质量荒野地、其他土地分别占我国陆地总面积的4.3%、12.4%、11.9%、24.0%、47.4%。首次揭示了中国荒野地空间分布情况,有望为中国荒野保护政策制定、各类自然保护地发展规划,以及生态保护红线划定与评估提供重要依据。

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092016
Research Output

荒野

曹越和龙瀛

Source document (2016)

Document Overview

160 161 慢步中国走胡线走胡线体验中国的“临界”之美东北段山西段陕西段西南段 164—195 196—217 218—229 230—257 逶迤数千公里的金界壕, 克什克腾旗贡格尔草原段保留依然完好, 至今可以清晰地看出壕沟与城墙联合的城防体系 。 顺着夕阳的光线, 照片由西向东拍摄, 金界壕东侧起伏的群山已经开始出现了树木, 这便是大兴安岭的余脉; 西侧则是一马平川的内蒙古高原 。 地理的天然分界线, 被人为的军事分界线所完好诠释 。摄影/许阳慢步中国走胡线 160 161 162 163 慢步中国走胡线地理学家胡焕庸把中国的黑河(瑷珲) 和腾冲两点一连, 在地图上画出了一条直线, 这条直线从中国的东北贯向西南, 把中国版图划为两半 : 东南半壁是人口密集地区, 西北半壁是人口稀疏之地 。 这条 1935 年画出的直线, 对中国的自然与人文地域分异规律的刻画, 直到今天都是十分准确的 。 我们呼吁 “慢步中国” , 是为了在行走间体验中国多样的自然与人文 。 人们容易被 “极端” 和 “异类” 所吸引, 而胡焕庸线所穿过的地域, 恰是各类 “极端” 之间的过渡、 调和与交融的地段 。 通常, 我们视这类现象为 “临界” 。 胡焕庸线是一条虚拟的直线, 如何将它 “落地”?为此, 我们收集了许多与胡线相关的地图资料。 与胡线相关的人口分布, 其实与自然环境的地域分异互为因果, 自然界与人文社会中的现象, 往往经历从渐变到质变的过程 。 所以, 当把 “胡线” 落实到地球表面时, 得到的不是一条直线, 而是一个条形区域 。 这个区域两侧, 分别是人口密集和人口稀疏地区, 在这个条形区域胡线与中国的荒野格局之内, 则是地貌形态、 人口分布以及人文现象的各种过渡 。 终于, 我们发现了 “生态环境过渡地带” 这个概念。 中科院地理科学与资源研究所的葛全胜研究员最早提出了这个地带的存在, 后来, 该所的王铮研究员发现, 这个地带与胡线的走向十分吻合 。 我们决定把 “走胡线” 的范围限定在生态环境过渡带里。 从东北到西南, 依次可分几个地段 : 东北段 (燕山-科尔沁-大小兴安岭林草交界地带) 、 山西段 (山西高原) 、 陕西段 (黄土高原) 、 西南段(西南山地) 。 每一段都有特殊的故事 。 走胡线, 就是从林草交汇之地(东北段) , 穿越浓缩的中国历史 (山西段) , 阅历黄土高原的质朴 (陕西段) , 直插西南山地的起伏跌宕 (西南段) 。 胡线, 是中国东部和西部之间的界线, “边缘” 、 “分隔” 、 “冲突” 、 “融合” 、 “跨界” 、 “分离” 、 “脆弱” 、 “敏感” 、 “缓冲” 、 “过渡” 、 “渐变” 、 “突变”……均在这里发生。 所以, 走胡线, 就是去体验 “临界” 的魅力 。 已开发土地人类活动高强度区域人类活动低强度区域曹越清华大学建筑学院博士生龙瀛清华大学建筑学院副研究员 “ 胡线” 是个条形地带,我们把它分为四个段落,在每个段落里织一张路网。 走胡线: 体验“临界” 的魅力撰文/刘晶从辽宁省兴城市出发, 沿燕山、 大兴安岭的两翼北上, 转过呼伦贝尔, 穿越大小兴安岭, 直至黑龙江畔的“胡线”起点瑗珲镇 —— 我们的慢行中国体验者, 沿 2000+ 公里的路线, 在中国东北的林草交汇之地漫游。这条线, 串起了海洋、草原、湿地、沙漠、森林和江河;在这条线上, 呈现着游牧、 渔林、 农耕的交错与共生、冲突与和谐。一幅绚丽的东北徒步画卷顺着他们的脚步展开了。

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102010
Research Output

绿色还是绿地

韩昊英和龙瀛

Source document (2010)

Document Overview

世界范围的城市蔓延是当今城市规划领域广受关注的一个问题,它对人类的可持续发展形成了巨大的挑战。在城市蔓延最为典型的美国,主要体现为分散的、低密度的和依赖小汽车的发展模式。其负面影响包括:土地的大量消耗1、2、3,通勤距离的增加、交通拥挤、 能源消耗增加、空气污染2、4、5,可支付住房供给能力的下降6、7,基础设施建设费用增加8、9, 供水不足10,社区的社会凝聚力减弱11、12,公共健康状况恶化13、14,社会不平等加剧15。 在控制城市蔓延的政策中,容纳式城市发展政策(Urban Containment Policy)是以提高城市土地利用密度和保护开放空间为目标的容纳式城市发展政策 (Urban Con- tainment Policy),被广泛应用 16。容纳式城市发展政策工具通常包含三种形式 :绿带 (Greenbelts)、城市增长边界 (Urban Growth Boundaries)和城市服务边界 (Urban Service Boundaries)。三者都试图将未来的城市成长形态限制在一定的城市边界内,实现填充式的开发(Infill Development)。 其中,绿带通常是指城市周边包含农田、森林和其他绿地的开放空间区域,其目的是对城市的扩张起到永久性的限制作用。在三种形式的容纳式城市发展政策工具中,绿带对于城市扩展的限制作用最强17。 绿带的概念至少可以追溯到霍华德的经典著作“To-morrow:a peaceful path to real reform”一书18。在该书中,霍华德建议在城市的周围环绕广阔绿带,以形成兼具城乡优势的良好生活环境。而金经元则指出,绿带的概念早已存在于霍华德的思想之前19。在霍华德的书中,就已经引用了澳大利亚阿德莱德 (Adelaide)城绿带的实例。奥斯本在给该书加的注脚中也曾指出,“在历史上有许多霍华德思想的先兆,用纯净的农业地带环绕城市;例如(《圣经·旧约》)‘利未记’第 25章、‘以西结书’ 第 35章和莫尔的《乌托邦》”19。然而,绿地思想真正得到广泛应用却是在霍华德的著作出版以后。 受到霍华德著作的影响,伦敦于20世纪30年代末就开始实施绿带政策,是世界上第一个实行绿带的大城市20。其后,陆续实施绿带政策的城市还包括欧洲的莫斯科、巴塞罗那、柏林、维也纳、布达佩斯21、22,北美的 Boulder、渥太华和多伦多17、23,及亚洲的首尔、曼谷和香港等城市24~27。此外,日本的东京在20世纪中前期也曾经实施过绿带政策,不过后来由于种种原因而废弃26。在中国,目前已经实施了绿带政策的城市包括北京、 上海、广州、重庆和沈阳28。其中,以北京的绿带(图 1)建立最早,实施时间最久。 在北京,由于特殊的城市发展背景,以“绿化隔离地区”为控制内容的绿带政策已经实施了长达半个世纪之久。随着规模巨大的第二道绿化隔离带的建立和实施,绿带政策正在得到越来越多的关注。本文以已经实施完成的第一道绿化隔离带为研究对象,拟通过文献回顾和政策比较,总结北京市绿带建立和演变的基本特征,分析其实施成效,并对绿带政策的改进和完善提出相应的建议。 绿色还是绿地? ——北京市第一道绿化隔离带实施成效研究韩昊英龙瀛图 1 北京市的绿带资料来源:北京市城市规划设计研究院, 笔者加工绘制。 60 北京规划建设话题 ΤΗΕΜΕ | 变革当中的城市公共空间北京市绿带政策的特征政策是妥协而非深思熟虑的结果现有的多数研究认为,北京的绿带政策是在1958年北京城市总体规划中被确立的28、29。

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