Urban Renewal, Redevelopment and Spatial Restructuring

New Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, represented by deep learning and large language models, are permeating urban systems with unprecedented depth and breadth, emerging as a core driving force for urban spatial restructuring following the Industrial and Information Revolutions. This paper aims to clarify the current research progress on AI-driven urban spatial restructuring. Through a comprehensive review of relevant literature, it establishes an integrative analytical framework comprising three dimensions: digital upgrading of physical space, reshaping of social spatial mobility, and interactive permeation of digital space. Within this framework, the paper systematically summarizes the concrete manifestations of this restructuring in domains such as industry, commerce, and housing. Building on this, it further reviews the measurement methods, the understanding of underlying mechanisms, and the planning strategies in responses to this transformation. The findings from the literature indicate that multi-source big data and AI technologies foster methodological innovations for the precise measurement of spatial restructuring, and that the underlying mechanisms are characterized by complex spatio-temporal evolution, multi- dimensional influencing factors, and intertwined positive and negative externalities. This paper argues that while AI brings unprecedented opportunities for urban planning, it also entails challenges such as the digital divide and algorithmic bias. Therefore, it is necessary for future urban planning to make systematic responses in theory, methodology, and practice to guide the development of urban space towards greater efficiency, equity, and sustainability.

］ 信息通信技术的发展改变了休闲活动的方式及空间偏好 ， 为城市弱势区位的崛起提供了机遇 。 文章以北京市为例 ， 利用大众点评 2015 年和 2019 年店铺及其评论数据 ， 从宏观 （ 城市 ） 及微观 （ 建筑 ） 尺度分析休闲消费空间分布变化趋势 。 结果表明 ： 1 ） 店铺及其数字口碑在各尺度都呈现向低可达性区域转移的趋势 ， 揭示了城市弱势区位的崛起 ； 2 ） 数字口碑在宏观尺度向优势区位集聚 ， 而在微观尺度向弱势区位转移 ， 反映了数字口碑的两极化 ； 3 ） 店铺及数字口碑在宏观尺度的变化均弱于微观尺度 ， 表明此期间北京市弱势区位的崛起主要在微观尺度 ； 4 ） 不同类型店铺的比较验证了结果的稳健性 。 该研究可促进对数字时代城市休闲空间的认识 ， 推动精细尺度的城市更新及管理 。 ［

城市更新是以居民美好生活需求为导向的动态过程，其目的是提升城市公共空间利用效率， 激活城市存量空间活力。然而， 面对城市更新中微观、 复杂的空间问题， 急需及时、翔实、准确的基础数据与高效的深入调研方法。在此背景下，本文对现有城市更新工作的具体内容与前沿方法做了综述，吸纳了国际上广泛应用的移动感知实践，针对城市公共空间品质评估方面的问题提出了基于移动感知技术的公共空间品质评估方法，实现了高效率、低成本、大范围的基础数据采集与智能化的评估。该方法被成功应用于西宁市的城市更新专项规划，获得了大量的一手数据，积累了工程经验并形成工作手册。上述实践证实了该方法的可行性，同时也为其继续推进打下了扎实的基础。

This output forms part of the Beijing City Lab research direction on Urban Renewal, Redevelopment and Spatial Restructuring. Download the publication below.

Urban redevelopment is the reconstruction or upgrade of current urban built-up areas; it revital- izes old towns and contributes to sustainable development. This paper proposes a methodolog- ical framework that integrates open-source street networks and point-of-interest data and aims to identify and evaluate urban redevelopment at the block level from the perspective of urban form and function. It is found that (1) urban blocks can be categorized into eight groups regarding the spatial form of road junctions that have emerged within them over time, and blocks of each group share common features that can be automatically identified; (2) there are more blocks that have been morphologically redeveloped than functionally redeveloped, and the two types of redevelopments also significantly overlap with one another; and (3) the evaluation of urban redevelopment identification results presents a high accuracy rate that verifies the validity of the proposed framework. Based on the identification results, the impact factors of urban rede- velopment are explored on both the inter- and intracity levels. The intercity analysis indicates that Chinese cities with a lower administrative level, lower urbanization rate, and higher density of road junctions tend to be associated with a higher proportion of urban redevelopment. Corresponding author: Ying Long, School of Architecture and Hang Lung Center for Real Estate, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. Email: ylong@tsinghua.edu.cn EPB: Urban Analytics and City Science 2020, Vol. 47(9) 1725–1744 ! The Author(s) 2019 Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI: 10.1177/2399808319843928 journals.sagepub.com/home/epb Meanwhile, the intracity analysis attempts to determine which kinds of urban blocks are more likely to undergo urban redevelopment, which are found to be the blocks with lower points of interest density, a smaller distance to city centers, higher transit accessibility, a higher land use mixed index, and larger size.

Socio-spatial differentiation has been identified not only in capitalist market economies but also in transitional countries, including post-reform China. However , most prior studies on this topic in Chinese cities are limited to a spatial resolution of the sub-district level, and finer scale analyses remain scarce. Drawing on this gap, this article provides a block-level examination of the socio-spatial changes in the central city of Beijing by employing the Beijing T ravel Survey data, which contain rich socio-economic information. Latent class analysis and GIS visualisation are used to stratify the residents into different levels of socio-economic well-being based on multiple attributes and analyse their spatial distribution. The findings reveal a dramatic transformation of the socio-spatial landscape in Beijing in only five years between 2005 and 2010; 90% blocks show a greater than 10% increase or decrease in the average social stratification index of their resi- dents. The socio-spatial changes can to a large extent be related to the market reform of China’s economy and housing distribution, which exerts its influence through not only commercial devel- opments but also profound interactions with the public sector .

Green infrastructure complements grey infrastructure to provide eff ective urban stormwater management. Design of coupled green and grey infrastructure systems need a systems-based analysis considering multiple criterion. This study used analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and life cycle costing (LCC) to evaluate environ- mental and economic bene fits of various types of coupled green and grey infrastructure systems. AHP results showed that, based on the local conditions and characteristics, the coupled green and grey scenario with green space, permeable pavement, green roof, and stormwater detention cell performed better than other scenarios in urban residential drainage and flood control. Also for the coupled green and grey scenario, the simulation results showed that no flooding was occurred during the ten-year return period rainfall. Coupled green and grey in- frastructure scenarios can save the life cycle cost up to 94% compared to the traditional grey infrastructure scenario considering the design, construction, operation, and maintenance stages. Approximately 13% of commercial loan interest (1.03 million USD) can be saved for homebuyers. In future, urban designers and de- velopers should consider the optimization of coupled green and gray infrastructures system under multiple criterion for the environment, economy, and safety bene fits.

As the focus of urban planning in China converts from incremental planning to stock-based planning, researches concerning shrinking cities become increasingly important. Street being one of the basic elements of cities, the changes of spatial quality of it are essential to the evaluation of the changes of shrinking cities. This study uses street views from the Tencent Maps to evaluate the changes of quality of street space in the central districts of Qiqihar from 2013 to 2015. The research reveals that the quality of street space of Qiqihar is getting better while the rapid change of commercial real estate under residential buildings suggests a decline in economy. Based on this finding, the "Population-Economy-Space Decline Lagging Phenomenon" is proposed to illustrate the change mode of population, economy and spatial quality during the shrinking process of cities.

城市再开发是对城市现有建设用地的重新开发建设或改造升级 ， 对节约城市发展资源 、 实现可持续发展具有重要意义 。 本文结含开源的路网和兴趣点数据 ， 借鉴类型学研究方法 ， 提出一套方法框架 ， 从形态与功能两个角度对城市再开发进行识别与评价。 作者从西安的案例研究中发现 ： １ ） 基于道路交叉的空间形态 ， 可将城市街区分为 ８ 个类別 ， 每个类別具有可在 Ａ ｒｃ Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ 中自动识别的共同特征 ； ２ ） 发生城市形态 、 功能再开发的街区表现出不同的特征 ， 但识别结果存在交集 ； ３ ） 本文的方法框架对城市形态和功能再开发的识别结果 ， 在评价中呈现出很高的准确性 ， 并且适宜在全国范围推广 。

This output forms part of the Beijing City Lab research direction on Urban Renewal, Redevelopment and Spatial Restructuring. Download the publication below.